History of the First Credit Card

Charging for products and services has become a way of life. No longer do people bring cash when they buy a sweater or a large appliance, they charge it. Some people do it for the convenience of not carrying cash; others put it on plastic so they can purchase an item they can not yet afford. The credit card that allows them to do this is a twentieth-century invention. At the beginning of the twentieth century, people had to pay cash for almost all products and services. Although the early part of the century saw an increase in individual store credit accounts, a credit card that could be used at more than one merchant was not invented until 1950. It all started when Frank X. McNamara and two of his friends went out to supper. The Famous Supper In 1949, Frank X McNamara, head of the Hamilton Credit Corporation, went out to eat with Alfred Bloomingdale, McNamaras long-time friend and grandson of the founder of the Bloomingdales store, and Ralph Sneider, McNamaras attorney. The three men were eating at Majors Cabin Grill, a famous New York restaurant located next to the Empire State Building, to discuss a problem customer of the Hamilton Credit Corporation. The problem was that one of McNamaras customers had borrowed some money but was unable to pay it back. This particular customer had gotten into trouble  when he had lent a number of his charge cards (available from individual department stores and gas stations) to his poor neighbors who needed items in an emergency. For this service, the man required his neighbors to pay him back the cost of the original purchase plus some extra money. Unfortunately for the man, many of his neighbors were unable to pay him back within a short period of time, and he was then forced to borrow money from the Hamilton Credit Corporation. At the end of the meal with his two friends, McNamara reached into his pocket for his wallet so that he could pay for the meal (in cash). He was shocked to discover that he had forgotten his wallet. To his embarrassment, he then had to call his wife and have her bring him some money. McNamara vowed never to let this happen again. Merging the two concepts from that dinner, the lending of credit cards and not having cash on hand to pay for the meal, McNamara came up with a new idea - a credit card that could be used at multiple locations. What was particularly novel about this concept was that there would be a middleman between companies and their customers. The Middleman Though the concept of credit has existed longer even than money, charge accounts became popular in the early twentieth century. With the invention and growing popularity of automobiles and airplanes, people now had the option to travel to a variety of stores for their shopping needs. In an effort to capture customer loyalty, various department stores and gas stations began to offer charge accounts for their customers which could be accessed by a card. Unfortunately, people needed to bring dozens of these cards with them if they were to do a day of shopping. McNamara had the idea of needing only one credit card. McNamara discussed the idea with Bloomingdale and Sneider, and the three pooled some money and started a new company in 1950 which they called the Diners Club. The Diners Club was going to be a middleman. Instead of individual companies offering credit to their customers (whom they would bill later), the Diners Club was going to offer credit to individuals for many companies (then bill the customers and pay the companies). Previously, stores would make money with their credit cards by keeping customers loyal to their particular store, thus maintaining a high level of sales. However, the Diners Club needed a different way to make money since they werent selling anything. To make a profit without charging interest (interest-bearing credit cards came much later), the companies who accepted the Diners Club credit card were charged 7 percent for each transaction while the subscribers to the credit card were charged a $3 annual fee (begun in 1951). McNamaras new credit company focused on salesmen. Since salesmen often need to dine (hence the new companys name) at multiple restaurants to entertain their clients, the Diners Club needed both to convince a large number of restaurants to accept the new card and to get salesmen to subscribe. The first Diners Club credit cards were given out in 1950 to 200 people (most were friends and acquaintances of McNamara) and accepted by 14 restaurants in New York. The cards were not made of plastic; instead, the first Diners Club credit cards were made of paper stock with the accepting locations printed on the back. In the beginning, progress was difficult. Merchants didnt want to pay the Diners Clubs fee and didnt want competition for their store cards; while customers didnt want to sign up unless there were a large number of merchants that accepted the card. However, the concept of the card grew, and by the end of 1950, 20,000 people were using the Diners Club credit card. The Future Though the Diners Club continued to grow and by the second year was making a profit ($60,000), McNamara thought the concept was just a fad. In 1952, he sold his shares in the company for more than $200,000 to his two partners. The Diners Club credit card continued to grow more popular and didnt receive competition until 1958. In that year, both American Express and the Bank Americard (later called VISA) arrived. The concept of a universal credit card had taken root and quickly spread across the world.

The Forever War By Joe Haldeman - 2059 Words

The Forever War by Joe Haldeman is a classic work of military science fiction depicting a war between the human race and an unfamiliar alien entity known as the Taurans. The overall plot line follows a fairly typical path, but Haldeman’s real genius is realized through the interactions that take place between the protagonist, William Mandella, and the Earth he returns to between military operations. Developing beneath the ever-present war of the two species lies a much subtler conflict between generations of human thought and culture. Brought about by the way troops are transported in space, time dilation creates an interesting dichotomy between the early soldiers of the war and the rapid evolution of human society and culture remaining on Earth. The Forever War questions the stability of human nature by creating a scenario where its fluidity is exposed through an invariable link to time. The expression of human nature changes as cultural and personal identities adapt to new s ituations; viewing these changes through Mandella, we begin to see how different expressions of human nature can impact human nature itself. William Mandella is an intelligent physics student who was drafted into the military at the age of twenty-three. Beginning his journey in the year 1997, he goes on missions in space to advance the human agenda against the Tauran alien race. As he and his company serve their military term, they utilize the recently discovered mode of interstellar transportationShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between The Forever War And The Vietnam War1598 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was in many aspects one of the lowest periods in American history, being not just a military failure, but also contribute to social unrest and extensive political change in the mainland. In many ways, ‘The Forever War’ is an analogue of The Vietnam War, that, in abundant detail, explores the vast amount of opinions the veterans of that war had towards a new societ y, vastly changed from the one they left. The resemblance between ‘The Forever War’ and the Vietnam War starts withRead More Abraham Lincoln Through Many Lenses Essays1740 Words   |  7 Pagesposition on slavery - he was against it. He didnt want Negroes in America period. From the debate we have these following Lincoln quotes which you will never read about in the school classrooms today. From Lincoln-Douglas Debate, published by Haldeman-Julius Company, Girard, Kansas 1923 Page 44 quot;I have no purpose to produce political and social equality. I am not in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes or of qualifying them to hold office or allowing them to intermarry with white people

Essay A Career as a Police Officer - 1106 Words

It would be fulfilling to be a police officer because police officers help people in the community and keep it safe. They also enforce the law. They are the reason why people can live their lives in peace. If there is anyone in the community that citizens can trust it would be the police officers. Police officers have to accomplish many things in their workday. (Career Cruising.com) They have to write detailed reports and fill out forms.(Career Cruising.com) They are responsible for making sure that people obey the law and are kept safe at all times.(Career Cruising.com) They also observe the activities of suspects.(Career Cruising.com) Cops have to gather facts and collect evidence from many crimes.(Career Cruising.com) Many police†¦show more content†¦A Police officers normal day is usually less exciting and less dangerous than how it can be portrayed on TV.(CareerCruising.com)Police officers have to have many abilities and traits to go far in these types of careers. (Car eer Cruising.com) The most important trait they must have is to multitask. (Career Cruising.com) They must have an empathetic personality to help victims of terrible crimes. (Career Cruising.com) They must be physically fit to be able to catch criminals and explore all areas that could contain evidence. (Career Cruising.com) If they don’t posses the ability to think quickly and clearly then they will be injured or possibly killed because of one stupid mistake. (Career Cruising.com) Cops have to be able to communicate well with people. (Career Cruising.com) Some special skills will also benefit them in their career. (Career Cruising.com)Like being fluent in many other languages or scuba diving expertise are very helpful. (Career Cruising.com) Police officers have to have good Judgment. (Career Cruising.com) They have to have great communication skills. (Career Cruising.com) Police officers have to have a good education or they will not be able to do their jobs correctly. (Care er Cruising.com) Many small town or rural areas require that a police officer at least have aShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of A Police Officer1919 Words   |  8 PagesThe police must obey the law while enforcing the law.† Which means that the police have a strict policy they need to follow to not get in trouble themselves. The career of a police officer is dangerously attractive, because of the adrenaline rush you get when you are faced with danger. Also the unknown challenges you can face that change from day to day. The research will describe the career of a police officer, what is required to become a successful police officer and the impact that police officersRead MoreThe Career Of A Police Officer1938 Words   |  8 PagesThe police must obey the law while enforcing the law. Which means that the police have a strict policy they need to follow to not get in trouble themselves. The career of a police officer is dangerously attractive, because of the adrenaline rush you get when you are faced with danger. Also the unknown challenges you can face that change from day to day. The research will describe the career of a police officer, what is required to become a successful police officer and the impact that police officersRead More The Career of a Police Officer Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesThe Career of a Police Officer With many people going to school to become police officers it is important to know exactly what the job is about and the effects it has on a person. Many people think it is just sitting in your car and giving speeding tickets. In fact there are many life threatening things that occur while a person is on the job many of which can cause a severe amount of stress. Stress on the job can cause a person to become severely depressed and cause ones home life to fallRead MoreMy Career Of Police Officer1062 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome a police officer. It is not easy to be being police officer because it may result in dangerous situation in police career. But, I don’t care about these things because if people want to become what they want to become in their career, they don’t have to give up in that career. There are no always good chances come in your way. I have mostly inspired by other police because in my family and relatives, nobody became an interest in police. When I walk through the road, I see police helping peopleRead MoreThe Career Profession Of A Police Officer Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe career profession that I want to become is a Police Officer. Police Officers protect life and property, keep the peace, prevent crime and maintain the public in order through the application of the law. I first knew that I wanted to become a Police Officer when I was 13 years old. My 8th grade teacher told us to research the career we wanted to do when we grow up and I didn’t know what I wanted to be. So I started by search online but nothing interested me then my aunt told me to interview herRead MoreThe Best Career Choice For A Police Officer1141 Words   |  5 Pagesof my police officers is in trouble. The career I have chosen is police officer. A police officer is someone who enforces laws to protect others. This career interests me because I like a good challenge and I like to help people. Whether it’s unlocking someone’s car for them or protecting people and their property, this sounds like the job for me. After looking at the education and the training needed, important qualities needed and the salary and job outlook, I decided this is the best career choiceRead MoreCareer Research Paper : Police Officers763 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Decker Government 7 October 2015 Period 4 Career Research Paper Police officers are responsible for protecting people and property. Related job titles include Sheriffs and sheriffs deputy, detectives, and state police officers. However all of these job titles have similar duties for example they are all responsible for the protection of people and property. These job titles might be very similar but they do differ in many ways. Police officers patrol the city issuing citations keeping theRead MoreChoosing A Career Path Of Becoming A Police Officer939 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a career path in law enforcement can be exciting yet challenging. It takes incredible focus and intestinal fortitude for any man or woman to wake up daily knowing that their life is on the line the moment that they step out of their home. Police officers deal with drunk drivers, speed demons, and many unforeseen wildcard situations when they come across ordinary citizens that are just having a bad day. Many of these officers handle said situations with tremendous gumption. But there areRead MoreThe Career I Chose A Canine Police Officer2303 Words   |  10 Pages The career I chose was a Canine Police Officer. I chose to be a Canine Police Officer because I could help the community be a better and safer place. After some Canine Police Officers conducted a demonstration at a camp that I attended, I thought it would be a great job to have. They showed us some of the commands. The Canine Police Officers also showed how the dog would attack and hold onto the suspect. The Canine Police Officers also said that some of the commands are in a different languageRead MoreMy New Career Choice Becoming A Police Officer1242 Words   |  5 Pagesquickly realized how invasive and cruel politics can be to people, not just candidates but to voters. For this reason, my focus shifted to becoming a police officer. However, after finding out that I have fibromyalgia a couple years before that, I realized it was going to be extremely difficult for me to be at 100% as a police officer. My new career choice became business analytics. My goal is to get a degree in business analytics so that I can get help businesses like Microsoft impact lives of millions

Of Mice And Men By Robert Burns - 1623 Words

Introduction Of Mice and Men is a simple story in regards to the fact that it only covers a duration of three days, is set in only four locations and generally uses short sentences written using a simple writing style. Its title is taken from ‘To a Mouse’, which was written by Scottish poet Robert Burns. In this poem, Burns accidentally ploughs through a mouse’s nest, ultimately destroying its home. This title gives the reader an idea of the fate that awaits its characters as its use signifies the moral of the story, which is that even well prepared plans often go wrong. John Steinbeck wrote ‘Of Mice and Men’ using the personal experiences he gained whilst he was studying at University. The end of the â€Å"boom time† and the crash of the stock market led to the â€Å"great depression†, which left people poor and desperate for employment. As a result people had to leave the cities in America to look for work, with half a million going to California, which is where ‘Of mice and Men’ is based. Within this novella, Steinbeck uses fictional characters to present a microcosm of the issues that were being faced by the people of America at this time. The main themes of this novella include loss of dreams, friendship, loneliness, racism, sexism, ageism and the mistreatment of those with both mental and physical disabilities. The first issue that I will explore is Racism. Throughout the novella, Crooks is treated much like an animal as opposed to a human being. The mentioning of Crooks’sShow MoreRelatedOf Mice And Men By Robert Burns2761 Words   |  12 Pagesdialect, by the 18th century Scottish poet Robert Burns. It is about a mouse which carefully builds a winter nest in a wheat field, but it was destroyed by a ploughman. The mouse had dreamed of a safe and warm winter but now it have to face the harsh reality of cold, loneliness and possible death. This is relevant to the novel Of Mice and Men in two ways. First, the characters in the story are seem to be at the mercy of fate, almost as powerless as mice. For example, Lennie can be likened to theRead MoreForeshadowing In Of Mice And Men Analysis1257 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Steinbeck Use Foreshadowing in his Text? Foreshadowing is the way an author uses clues to show the reader what happens later in the book. In 1937 John Steinbeck published the American classic, â€Å"Of Mice and Men,† a short story that tells the tale of George and Lennie, two migrant workers during the Great Depression. George, a small quick man, and his companion, Lennie, an enormous man with the mind of a child. They begin work at a ranch and come across Crooks, Candy, Slim, Curley, Curley’sRead MoreEssay on To a Mouse1738 Words   |  7 PagesIn the poems Robert Burns’ â€Å"To a Mouse† and â€Å"The Mouse’s Petition† by Anna Letitia Barbauld, many feelings and emotions about mice are brought forth. While both poems were written by different authors, many of the feelings they share towards mice are common. The analysis of the two poems will help to find the comparisons and differences in theme, political and social issues, diction, and tone. Examples from the poems will help to show the similarities and differences in the two. The tone of eachRead MoreMan Vs Nature Vs Of Mice And Men1265 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of conflict, the conflict such as Man .vs. Nature, Man.vs. Man, and Person .vs. Self these types of conflicts show the struggle people have to go succeed a goal, dream or just to survive. In the poem â€Å"Ode to a Mouse† by Robert Burns and the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, both authors use the literary element, Conflict to show the struggles of the characters. In California during the Great Depression, Lennie Small and George Milton are two ranch workers going from job to jobRead MoreGeorge And Lennie Relationship Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, the relationship between Lennie Small and George Milton is complex. Lennie and George are two companions who look for work and brave the hardships of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression together. Although Lennie and George are both grown men, their relationship resembles more of a child and a single parent, or a boy and his dog. Lennie is portrayed as animalistic and childish through his behavior and Steinbeck’s comparisons. This reveals the crucialRead MoreOf Mice and Men1352 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay - Fate or Choice? Choice is defined by the ‘Shorter Oxford Dictionary’ as; â€Å"The act of choosing; preferential determination between things proposed.† It also states the definition for fate; â€Å"The principle, power, or agency by which events are unalterably predetermined from eternity.† Is our life choice, can we determine our fate by choosing our path or is our destiny determined for us? John Steinbeck puts forward this question in his novella Of Mice and MenRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Critical Evaluation Essay examples727 Words   |  3 PagesThe main theme of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is fate . The techniques he uses such as the title , repetition , echoes and symbolism are very successful in putting across his very pessimistic views on this theme . br brThe two main characters , George and Lennie , share a dream . George dreams of a piece of land of his own . Independence . A couple of acres , a cow and some pigs . Lennie dreams of tending rabbits . With the title ‘Of Mice and Men , Steinbeck is telling you that thisRead MoreTheme Of Foreshadowing In Of Mice And Men1219 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book, Of Mice and Men, foreshadowing is used all the way from the title of the book to the last sentence. Of Mice and Men was written by Nobel Prize for literature winner, John Steinbeck. The book is about two migrant workers with the fantasy of a plac e to call their own. When George and Lennie end up traveling together to a new town to find work, new challenges await them there that are disastrously worse than the ones they faced in their former town, Weed. How does Steinbeck use foreshadowingRead MoreOf Mice and Men and American Dream863 Words   |  4 PagesHopes and dreams are important in ‘Of Mice and Men.’ Not is it important to the characters of the story itself, it is the theme of the novel. In this essay I will talk about the hopes and dreams of the main ensemble and also about the context of the novel, the American Dream and the Great Depression on the 1930’s. I will also talk about the poem Steinbeck based the book’s title off and how important it is to the book’s overall theme. The dream of attaining land and – ultimately – happiness isRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strong

What Five Paragraph Essay Topics List Is - and What it Is Not

What Five Paragraph Essay Topics List Is - and What it Is Not The Start of Five Paragraph Essay Topics List The secret to all kinds of synthesis is the exact same. You will find that a number of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. You have to make sure you're very interested in the topic before you may persuade others about it. Obviously, you can create your own topic to write about. Before discussing the conclusion, it's crucial to take a look at the manner body paragraphs are built. Each paragraph within the body will go over either 1 cause, 1 effect, or a principal point of your general argument that explains your thesis about the importance of the event in question. If somebody doesn't believe in his power, he'd never achieve his objective. Also, simply being popular doesn't necessarily imply a man or woman is more influential. In the majority of cases, you want to produce a topic which will enable other people to realize your viewpoint, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. You might also want to suggest more research or comment on things that it wasn't possible that you discuss in the paper. If you're still searching for the efficient academic writing help to come up with a well-organized five-paragraph paper, know you could order a full writing solution online with no obstacles or risks. In the event the individual is arguing in a transparent manner about a few of the instances involved with their topic and thesis statement, then the paper is going to have opportunity to be heard. School should occur in the evenings. School tests aren't effective. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They should be allowed to pray in school. MP3 music needs to be free. A podcast about vacations that you have not taken. You should make sure that you select a topic which you find interesting and one that you are going to want to write about. The topic also needs to be unique. 5 paragraph essay topics aren't restricted to the 1 theme. Read the very first and last paragraphs of each essay before you start. Experts who understand how to begin a 5 paragraph essay understand that it is essential to prepare a draft to direct them in writing the essay. The 5 paragraph essay is regarded as the typical essay writing assignment. At this time you would like to know why you need to learn the 5-paragraph essay's structure. Typically, a structure of essay contains three key sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. The imagery is powerful and one of the utmost effective moments in the movie, and among the few approaching the poetic kind of Moby-Dick. To make a good essay employs the topic. Although it's common, student has to acquire right to become excellent grades. Students have a challenging time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Each of these forms of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is an excellent start. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. No matter whether you would like to understand how to compose a three paragraph essay of 5 paragraph paper, an introduction stays the same. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Stasis theory is understood to be a rhetorical procedure to specify the point of issue in a debate. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with.

Peer pressure free essay sample

?Peer pressure is the influence of a peer group to an individual, causing them to change their attitudes, values and behaviour. It refers to any individual who is being persuaded in doing something that is against their judgment but does not have the courage to stand their ground and do the right thing. It weakens the sense of an individual because of the saying â€Å"everybody is going to do it† which makes them think that such thing is correct. It causes the youth to strive for social acceptance which makes and individual do something he/she is not comfortable of doing. Peer pressure is most commonly associated with the youth, especially the students, because they spend most of their day in school with their friends and classmates. Although peer pressure does not necessarily have to be negative, it also has some positive sides. It can make a student strive for academic success because of their peers or it can improve the study habits of students. We will write a custom essay sample on Peer pressure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The study habits of students are highly affected by peer pressure. Study habits are the approach on how school works are done and how students budget their time in doing tasks. It is crucial to the performance of students but also easily affected by peer pressure. It may cause some positive or negative effects. Peers may influence their classmates to study or not. Students also study together. This chapter includes the main problem together with its specific questions and the background knowledge of the study. It will show us the different problems that the study aims to answer as it give benefits to many people in said institution. Through this chapter, the reader can now visualize on how the study will flow throughout the whole research. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The researchers have chosen the topic which is â€Å"The Effects of Peer Pressure on the Academic Performance of the Third Year Students in Roosevelt College Cubao during S. Y. 2012 – 2013†. This research study steered to find out the effects of peer pressure to the academic performance and study habits of the respondents; everyone knows that students have a lot of feelings, pressure in subjects and activities which sometimes lead them to deviate in their academic performance. Peer pressure effect depends on the group you belong. There are many risks, especially when your friends results to positive or negative peer pressure. With these vices from positive or negative peer pressure, it deprives the concentration and motivation of an individual to excel or failing in his academic performance in school. Peer pressure is very powerful because of everyday accompaniment with your friends; you will be able to cope and adopt their habits either bad or good, only to have the essence of belongingness?. Dependency to your peers gives a great impact of their influence, especially when your parents are away or out of town. Great supervision must be given in choosing who to be

Organizational Behavior in Australian

Questions: This assessment task requires that you synthesise your understanding of organisational culture and leadership with your theoretical and practical knowledge of OB in Australian organisations. The focus of this activity is to determine how the practice of OB must be redesigned and realigned in multiethnic/multicultural contexts to ensure cultural appropriateness and to achieve organisational effectiveness. 1. Identify and critically analyse and discuss the communication challenges that a leader would expect to encounter in relation to the cultural diversity of many Australian organisations. 2. Critically discuss how leaders can address the ethical issues related to the cultural diversity in many Australian organisations. 3. Identify, synthesise and critically discuss an optimal mix of leadership styles/behaviours which would be aligned with managing culturally diverse workplaces; these should be sufficiently flexible, and able to be appropriately adopted in Australian organisations. Answers: Introduction The modern day organizations display a wide variety of workforce (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). The diversity is regarding race, religion, culture, ethnicity, language, age, gender and others. The multinational organizations employ a large number of manpower which has culturally diverse backgrounds. They unite together to work in the same organization and towards fulfilling the same organizational goals (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). There are diverse industries, and there are different types of organizations surviving in the same market place (Podsiadlowski et al., 2013). A single organizational policy or operation manual is not applicable for every organization. There is a need to adapt the organizational rules and regulations as per the needs of the organization. There is a need for the improvement in the employer-employee relationship so that the workplace becomes a mutually enriching place. This paper would explore the communication challenges encountered by a leader in relation to the diverse workforce. The paper would also discuss the ethical issues handled by leaders in a culturally diverse organization. The last segment of the paper describes the leadership styles related to the management of the culturally diverse workplaces. The objective of the paper is to gain a broader knowledge base regarding the management of the multicultural workforce. The strategic challenges in the employee behavior and the leadership issues are discussed. Discussion The organizational culture is an influencing factor for the behavior of the people in an organizational scenario (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture affects the thinking capabilities of the people and their performance as well as commitment towards the organization (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The organizational culture changes from one organization to the other and there are primarily three forms of the culture namely bureaucratic, innovative and supportive (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The Australian organizations display higher proportion of the supportive and innovative organizations. The national culture of a country also influences the organizational cultures. The leadership styles contribute a lot towards the achievement of the organizational objectives (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). There is interconnection between the motivation, leadership styles and the performance of the employees. The transformational leadership contributes to commitment and job satisfaction of the employees (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). The attributes of transformational leadership include clarity of vision and empowerment. Australia has a unique blend of employees in the workplaces. There are many advantages of a culturally diverse workplace such as increased innovation, increased productivity and others (Robbins et al., 2013). The organizations are benefitted if they can manage the cultural diversity well. The benefits include reduced employee turnover rates, reduction in the compliance and legal risks, reduction of any negative image of the organization and others (Robbins et al., 2013). The organizations can gain competitive advantages and added value if they can manage their diverse workforce. There are times when the managers are unable to manage the cultural diversity of the workplace due to several reasons (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). The reasons can be a lack of clear understanding, lack of communication, moral degradation, and ethical degradation and the degraded relationship between the employer and the employee. In such cases, the organizations start degrading themselves in the eyes of the public, and hence they lag behind their competitors (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). There are different kinds of leadership visible in the organizations (Day et al., 2014). A successful leader should have a long sighted vision and the process of the execution of his tasks. The cross-cultural leaders should visualize his works as a challenge and should consider the individual growth as a mean for the organizational growth (Day et al., 2014). They need to manage tactfully the impacts of technology, demographics, work ethics, continuous learning, and globalization so that they can manage the workplace diversity in a better manner (Day et al., 2014). The global leaders are expected to display excellent interpersonal skills and people management skills for minimizing the number of racial conflicts, which occur between the people working in the organization (Day et al., 2014). The cross-cultural leaders should be carefully selected so that they can handle the diverse manpower as well align themselves with the complex business strategies. Answer to Question 1 The global organizations have started realizing the importance of communications in a cross-border business scenario (Spencer Oatey Franklin, 2014). They have started dealing with the challenges that are faced by the business when they operate in international markets. The cross-border communication plays a vital role in the success of the organizations (Erel, Liao Weisbach, 2012). There is no physical connection between the countries, which makes it difficult for the companies to maintain adequate communication. The managers have to depend on the virtual communication methods for performing conversation between the cross-border entities (Erel, Liao Weisbach, 2012). The home markets are undergoing a period of stagnation, and hence, the countries are searching for new avenues for gaining new customers and venturing into new geographical locations (Dikova Sahib, 2013). The companies are viewing the international expansion as a method for achieving higher revenues. This had led to the requirement of productive and harmonious cross-border relationships (Dikova Sahib, 2013). The cross-border relationship would be strengthened by adequate communication skills, which would lead to higher cultural sensitivity. The leaders face a wide variety of communication challenges when managing a cross-cultural team (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The expense of the installation of a virtual communication system poses a big challenge. The organizations usually have the paucity of funds, as a result of which it may not be possible for the organizations to install advanced technological systems (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). There are instances when the employees are not given sufficient training to use the virtual communication systems. There are language barriers between the employees of culturally diverse workplace (Chidlow, Plakoyiannaki Welch, 2014). It is considered that English is a widely used global language but still there are employees who are unable to communicate through this language. They prefer to communicate through their local language or their mother tongue. This creates communication barriers, which leads to an obstacle in the work processes. There are faulty recruitment and sele ction methods, which lead to the human resource employing manpower which is not suited for culturally diverse work environments (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The lack of communication leads to greater misunderstandings between the employees. This is because one employee is unable to understand the language or accent of the employee from different cultural background. The linguistic diversity is a serious issue in this regard (Almond Verba, 2015). A serious communication barrier is the hostile and inaccurate stereotypes of people from different cultural background (Cuypers, Ertug Hennart, 2015). The employees prefer to assume the traits of another employee from a different cultural background (Shenkar, 2012). For example, a stereotypical American guy is assumed to be arrogant and rude as well as tolerant in the workplace. In reality, he may be a different person altogether. The act of prejudging individual leads to miscommunications, which eventually creates barriers in the comm unication process. There are behavioral differences between the employees of different cultures (Shenkar, 2012). The different cultures have different behaviors, which they consider to be acceptable. For example, maintaining eye to eye contact during conversations is considered rude in some cultures, while in some cultures, the act of not maintaining eye contact is considered as disrespectful. The cross-cultural leader should take care of these minute aspects to successfully manage a diverse workforce. Fig: Management of Cultural Differences Source: Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014 The above diagram describes the different characteristics of the culturally diverse people. There are visible cultural differences, which can be considered as the behavioral characteristics of people and there are certain underlying cultural roots. The invisible cultural roots are the primary cause of the behaviors of different individuals. The cross-border leaders should take an active part in dealing with different communication styles, different approaches for task completion, different decision making styles, and different attitudes towards disclosure and approaches of acknowledging knowledge. The leaders should take an active part in eliminating the communication barriers in the organizations (Edge Hoffman 2013). The organizations have realized that for the purpose of the financial success, they need to demonstrate adequate collaboration and effective cross-border communication (Shenkar, 2012). The organizations are often not able to communicate seamlessly to their cross-border partners. The reasons for miscommunication can be due to technical lags or human errors. The cross-border communication process is an expensive affair. There should be proper allocation of funds for the purpose of facilitating cross-border communication (Shenkar, 2012). There should be proper infrastructural facilities and the deployment of information technology for performing the communication process. Answer to Question 2 The management of the cultural diversity is a crucial job role of the leaders. There are two important dynamics that influence the modern day organizations, namely diversity and ethics. It is important for the organizations to formulate a Code of Ethics so that there is a promotion of ethical business culture (Singh, 2015). There are various types of unethical activities that can be observed in the culturally diverse workplaces. There can be bribery, illegal campaign activities, hiding information, intentional sales of defective goods and other troublesome acts (Bassell, Fischer Friedman, 2015). These kinds of situations represent organizational or individual misconduct. In such circumstances, the ethical framework of the organization is challenged, and it results in a cultural conflict. There are ethical differences, which can lead to conflicting business practices. The bribery is strictly prohibited in every organization and every country (Singh, 2015). There are instances when the senior officials engage in bribery, for gaining business prospects and climbing the corporate ladder (Bassell, Fischer Friedman, 2015). The officials try to hide the bribery amount from their financial statements. There are instances when the officials face hefty fines and jail terms about the crime of bribery (Bassell, F ischer Friedman, 2015). Culture is considered as the basis of business ethics (Sultana et al., 2013). The culture of an organization is directly proportional to the ethical activities of their managers. The organizations managers prefer clear and cohesive guidelines to aid in the decision making process. There are not enough practices to address the cross-ethical cultural practices. There are several conflicts (regarding ethical practices) arising from the cross-cultural workforce. There can be minor issues like the exchange of gifts, employing political misfit labor to major issues like bribery, cheating, false allegations and others (Sultana et al., 2013). The cross-border leader should engage themselves in the moral and philosophical belief of the team. The managers should keep themselves aware regarding the day to day operations of his team. Fraud is common in the business world of today (Baer, 2014). There are instances when a close acquaintance of the manager engages in a major fraud to the company (Baer, 2014). The manager should not be carried away by emotions. The cross-cultural manager should aim to create a minimal risk environment in the environment. There should be detailed planning for combating fraud in the workplace. The organizations must take note of their corporate strategy and ensure the minimal occurrence of any unethical practices. The illicit transfer of confidential information is also considered as unethical behavior. There are instances when confidential information is passed to an unauthorized person (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). This proves to be a serious concern for the cross-border business. This can occur either due to intentional interference or unintentional interference. A dishonest person can intentionally pass the companys private information to another unauthorized person (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). The information in one geographical region is considered as confidential to that particular region only. A person belonging to a different geographic location and in a different job role should not gain access to that information, even though he or she is working in the same organization (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). There are situations where there is a transfer of confidential information even though there was no intentional approach towards it. For example, one male employee engages in a romantic relationsh ip with a female employee in a different location. There can be sharing of information between the couple, even though there is no bad intent . The organization is at the losing end, as ultimately their private and confidential information is reaching the unauthorized persons (Schipani Seyhun, 2015). The cross-border managers should take adequate measures to combat the unethical practices in the workplace (Kruk, 2013). There should be monitoring and checks on the various interrelationships between the employees. The manager should formulate anti-fraud strategies according to the organizational needs. There should be counseling sessions as well as seminars for boosting the morale of the employees. There should be the formulation of ethical standards guide as per the organization (Kruk, 2013). It should provide adequate guidelines for the company to perform in a trustworthy and honest manner in all their company related interactions. These kinds of standards would motivate the employees to undertake right decisions for the company (Kruk, 2013). It would also allow them to report any unethical behavior, which is observed by them. The managers should also inform the organizational standards and the expected legal practices to the employees (Kruk, 2013). The managers should convey strict legal actions against employees who are found to be engaged in unethical practices. The corrective actions can be imprisonment, hefty fines, instant termination, blacklisting and others (McCormick, 2012). The managers should establish the corporate culture and underline the core values of the organization. The corporate culture should outline the factors of respect, trust and honest dealings in their business practices and the communication channels. The human resource team should recruit the right person (McCormick, 2012). The detailed background check should be made a compulsory tool for the recruitment process (McCormick, 2012). Proper care should be taken so that they hire trustworthy and ethical persons in the workplace (McCormick, 2012). There should be proper penalty systems for unethical and dishonest behavior. The human resource department should set a high example standard by recruiting an honest employee, which boosts the morale of the other employees. Answer to Question 3 The competitive nature of the workplaces, which has resulted as a result of globalization, demands the leader to possess a diverse set of skills and abilities. The cross-cultural leaders should be able to manage the culturally different infrastructures, which are also known as cultural quotient or cultural intelligence (Erez et al., 2013). There should be a blended organizational culture, which should respect each and every employee. The cross-border leaders in Australia are expected to direct a diverse group of employees, originating from different cultural backgrounds. The leaders in Australia believe in the fact that group dynamics is an important role in the practice of global leadership (DeChurch et al., 2013). The various management approaches and different leadership styles should be adopted by circumstances as well as group dynamics. The judgment can affect the behavior and values of the individual working together in a group. The leadership styles are affected by the varying perceptions of the colleagues, superiors, and subordinates. The similar norms, relations, behaviors, and roles are kept together in a group, and the group is an entity, which acts as individual entities. The key for cultural innovation is the group dynamics (Hogan Coote, 2014). The team size has a direct impact on the group dynamics and the patterns of leadership. For example, a large team size demands an autocratic or formal leadership for the purpose of direction. The dynamic cross-cultural competencies are crucial for global managers and leaders, which can be improve d by the characteristics of personality as well as the development of cross-cultural experiences. The act of the influence of the attitudes, thoughts and behaviors about a global community so that they can work together is known as global leadership (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). The aim of the global leadership is to work together towards the accomplishment of a common goal. There are six crucial dimensions of global leadership. They are traits, values, cross-border relationship skills, global business expertise, cognitive traits, visionary skills and the expertise of global organizing (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). The global leaders should be able to influence as well as set themselves as a role model to motivate the attitude of the employees. The global leaders should enable the global community to achieve the common organizational goals. The leadership patterns in Australia consist of transformational leadership and charismatic leadership. The charismatic leaders are known to possess divine personality who can perform miracles (Tsaur et al., 2014). The leaders influence the teammates with exceptional qualities. The charismatic leaders are known to arouse great levels of enthusiasm and a certain degree of commitment in the followers (Tsaur et al., 2014). They present a compelling vision so that they gain the confidence of their followers. The charismatic leaders are best suited for managing cross-cultural diversity because they have innovative ways and effective methods of performing managerial tasks (Tsaur et al., 2014). They can bring radical change in the organizations by their out of the box thinking, and they believe in the achievement of unusual success. The transformational leadership has a wonderful capability of inspiring and transforming his followers by a unique appeal of their job role (Herman Chiu, 2014). The transformational leaders make their team members aware of their value as well as importance in their day to day work. This type of leadership is suitable for the cross-cultural managers as there are diverse job roles, which needs to be performed by the employees (Herman Chiu, 2014). The cross-cultural leaders induce a sense of self-interest in the job roles of the fellow employees, which increases their productivity rates (Muenjohn, 2015). The increased productivity rate is beneficial to the organization. The transformational leaders develop their concerned team to shoulder a wide range of responsibilities (Muenjohn, 2015). This is done by instilling a level of confidence and skills among the fellow organizations, which drives to give better performances (Muenjohn, 2015). The followers get motivated by the leader, which is very important in a culturally diverse organization. The team members depend on their leaders for guidance, cooperation, and inspiration (Muenjohn, 2015). There is an increased level of commitment, motivation, encouragement, enthusiasm, and empowerment, as a result of transformational leadership, which makes it a popular leadership style for managing a diverse workforce (Soieb, Othman D'Silva, 2013). The Australian population has a belief in the transformational leadership as they found it very suitable for managing diverse organizations. Conclusion It is an important job duty of the managers to manage effectively the culturally diverse workforce. The organizations in Australia are culturally diverse and comprises of employees from different backgrounds. In such diverse organizations, there are instances there are gaps in the communication process. The different cultures have different organizational culture, which influences the performance of the employees. The communication is a vital process in a culturally diverse workforce. The work teams located in diverse geographical locations need to interact with each other on a regular basis. This is discussed in detail in this paper. The various communication challenges faced by the cross-cultural leaders are also discussed in detail. The patterns of the cultural differences are discussed. The cross-cultural leaders need to take care of the ethical aspects of the business. The various types of unethical activities that are observed in the workplaces are discussed. The different meas ures that are taken by the leaders to minimize the unethical activities are also explained. The mix of leadership styles that are displayed by diverse workforce leaders is also discussed. This paper will broaden the knowledge base of the organizational behavior displayed in diverse cross-cultural organizations. References Almond, G. A., Verba, S. (2015).The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. 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